Mining as Sustainable Development: Social License vs. State License

A May 2024 study by Vargas Salas et al. (Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental) explores the interplay between state-issued mining licenses and Social License to Operate (SLO) in Peru. Drawing on literature and media sources, the authors argue that legal approval alone is insufficient without sustained community trust. They outline two critical SLO phases: implementation (requiring inclusive dialogue) and conflict resolution (demanding adaptability). The study finds that strong environmental practices, grievance systems, and participatory governance help sustain legitimacy, while overlooking social consent risks backlash—even if formal permits are in place.