Stakeholders and CSR in Mining: Systematic Review (2018–2025)

Published in April 2025, a systematic literature review by scholars from Hang Tuah University examined CSR evolution in the mining sector from 2018–2025. The study identified stakeholder inclusion, regulatory enforcement, and transparent governance as key to CSR effectiveness. Despite frequent commitments in reports, many companies fall short in execution—particularly where oversight is weak. Case studies from Latin America, Africa, and Southeast Asia showed that co-designed programs with communities led to stronger trust and fewer disruptions. The review highlights the need to move beyond philanthropy toward embedded sustainable business practices. It recommends a Triple Bottom Line approach—social, environmental, and economic integration—as essential. The authors urge governments to adopt laws that mandate impact evaluation and grievance mechanisms to close the gap between policy and practice.